The above mentioned points are the three major dimensions for analysis. On the other hand, one may take a view, that even the emphasis laid by Freud and Jung on psychic reality as opposed to actual reality may be regarded as phenomenological. These programmes and suggestions are mostly based on principles of operant conditioning and modelling. The personality of an individual, to a large extent, remains stable. Here instead of giving questions or statements, certain situations are described and different alternative responses are given. (e) The emphasis is on typical human characteristics like consciousness, self-awareness, creativity, the active ability to make decisions to deal with the environment etc. The rater should have sufficient skill and practice in carrying it out. Trying to do this is trying to change one’s human personality. The early psychologists used the term ‘personality’ in a descriptive sense. Wholistic and organismic views are essentially functional in approach although they themselves do not make a distinction between structure, function and content. 2. Thus, researches in the areas of perception, learning and other behavioural processes have shown that these processes are determined by certain stable and consistent factors in the person. The novel proves that humans need society to survive. Essay on the Use of Dynamic Approach to Understand Human Personality Article shared by The dynamic approach to understand personality involved search for the processes by which needs, motives and impulses – often hidden from view – interact to produce the individual’s behaviour. According to him, every individual lives in a ‘phenomenal or psychological space’. According to Kelly, personality development in short, is an effort on the part of the people to arrive at a set of “integrated constructs” which would be in tune with reality and stand confirmed and validated. The individual has to choose whichever he feels would be the best and true response. Observations . Therefore, it is apparent that personalities can be changed through proper arrangement of environmental factors. Woodworth felt that this could be because many of these people had personality problems and should not have been selected for active warfare. Through most of human history, it has been assumed (correctly, I sincerely believe) that people come in four basic personality types, or "temperaments". The individual is told that the story should clearly indicate the following: (a) Who is the hero or the main character? Gordon Allport, defined it as “a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems … In other situations the frustration may be of a different kind. For ensuring a normal life there should be definite distinction between the inner person region and outer environmental region, failing which self-object relationship cannot be established. 12. Freud saw all human behavior motivated by our libido. (f) The personality of another person can be understood only if we can look at the world through the other person’s eyes. Here are five essays about the issue that everyone should know: “We need an economic bill of rights” – Martin Luther King Jr. The pioneering effort in the development of projective testing was made by Herman Rorschach. Advanced Search. Here, the term is used to describe the nature of his own response with no reference to his effect on the describer. From the responses or ratings inference is made about the personality. The exact technique of measurement used, depends on the purpose envisaged, the type of person whose personality is being assessed, the preferences, and biases of the particular psychologist. The Rorschach test is a perceptual test. Projective tests have been found to be extremely useful, especially in clinical situations and even in situations of personnel selection. In view of the above problems, another approach, known as the analytic approach, is employed. If this quality is not present we cannot depend on the measurements. Sometimes, ratings are done by comparison against descriptions or actual models of different levels of a particular trait. There are two breaking points that can turn the task into a real challenge. do not occur independently and individually. Two perspectives on the human personality will be explained in the following two sections. Nevertheless, there is much to be improved and developed further in the field of personality testing and measurement. For example, when a maid-servant drops and breaks a beautiful and valuable antique lamp, the house-wife feels frustrated. As new needs and motivations arise and also as experiences accumulate, the differentiation goes on. According to this view, personality is a totality and cannot be divided into units. The result is rigidity and even alienation from reality. According to Freud, he believed that human development was fueled by inner forces (Essay UK, 2014). Such questionnaires are called open-ended or unstructured. Thus some individuals who are confident and even aggressive in most of the situations are rather shy and diffident in a specific situation, say in the company of the opposite sex. Writing a justified description of your personality is quite a task. The Human Personality essays. These types of laws assume that people will do wrong and that their human personality is wrong. But these broad guidelines guide the personality and behaviour of the people. In short, Mischel’s views while professing to be cognitive behavioural, appear to be similar to a general cognitive and orientation. Psychological researches even today are not free from the controversy between these two views, the dynamic view, on the one hand and the static descriptive view, on the other. Such questionnaires are called structured or closed-ended questionnaires. One’s personality is not only reflected in one’s behaviour but also determines one’s behaviour. This is ascertained for each response on each card. Some people would not like to receive credit or win easily without working hard. Every human being is unique. Such an approach is called the structural approach to personality. In fact, many tests of personality have also been based on this principle. Philosophers and scientists belong to the thinking type, artists to the feeling type, fashion-makers to the sensation type and mystics to the intuitive type. The TAT has inspired many others to develop similar tests. While there is no generally agreed upon definition of personality, most theories focus on motivation and psychological interactions with one's environment. Of course, these approaches have been more recent in origin, and have constantly been resisting all attempts to reduce behaviour to physiological characteristics or even to psychological units like traits. For example, when somebody is described as having a pleasant personality, this means that on most of the occasions, this person is very pleasant to meet and get along with. Personality In other words, what is it that personality is made up of? The concept of ‘self develops gradually and the most crucial thing for the development of a healthy personality is the degree of “congruence” or agreement between an individual’s ‘self-concept’ and ‘self-triggered’ expectation on one hand, and the actual experience of the person on the other. Before publishing your Articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. In addition, measurement, description and even prediction has been made possible, though not with total accuracy. Each boy went through different, Human potential is a concept that was introduced by early personality theorists many years ago, and it implies that as humans, we have an innate tendency toward personal growth and development, and under the right circumstances, this tendency will lead us to actualize our potential and become all that we can be (Deci, Ryan, & Guay, 2013, p. 109). Rorschach regards this as an indication of the intellectual level of the person. The inventory consisted of 116 questions. (c) Thus, the personality of a person essentially is the set of modes and ways in which each person organises the world around. Based on their surrounding, humans can simply accept nature, deal with their situation, Such rating can be done in two ways. MBTI personality theory provides a very valuable insight into the inner workings of the human mind. Essay example informal, critical media analysis essay example. Wholistic and Organismic Approaches to Personality: Essay # 7. In many situations, questionnaires, observations and projective tests are all employed. It is obvious, therefore, that the term personality is used to refer to the general and consistent characteristics of a person’s behaviour. When someone rapes another they are taking away their free will to do whatever they choose. (g) The phenomenological approach lays emphasis on the human personality as a ‘whole’ and distinct ‘totality’ and holds that it cannot be dissected into elements like traits, needs and reflexes. The use of questionnaires to measure personality was first introduced by Woodworth for use in the American army during the First World War. 10. Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Google+ 0 Viber WhatsApp. have been employed to measure personality. Extending Bandura’s concepts Mischel has come out with the view that in addition to the situational factors emphasised by Bandura, there are also certain factors or variables, which are of importance. The Guardian published an abridged version of this essay in 2018, which was originally released in Look magazine just after Dr. King was killed. Describe Your Personality. Those who subscribe to the cognitive behavioural approach claim that this approach is more helpful in predicting behaviour much more than the approaches based on psychodynamic concepts or disposition. The questions must elicit the same answer on different occasions, from the same persons. A very common method of assessing personality is to observe it in action and then rate it. 9. Thus, when one describes a man as a pleasant person, one experiences the pleasantness in him. b.. Uncategorized. The outer environment gets differentiated into various regions like home, playground, school, etc. Skinner would hold that this withdrawal behaviour was acquired and is persisting because it has been reinforced in the past, advertently or inadvertently. these alone, individually or taken together, cannot help us to understand, interpret or predict the behaviour of a person. Privacy Policy3. Therefore, they need to overcome those feelings (Croake, 1975). Structured or unstructured questionnaires are preferred depending on the situations, such as the type of person whose personality is being measured, the purpose of measurement, the amount of time at the disposal of the psychologist, etc. They should always be alert about the various factors in the environment, their own behaviour which can influence young people and see to it that the proper environment is provided. Describe Your Personality (Essay Sample) August 31, 2017 by admin Essay Samples, Free Essay Samples. However, a number of other techniques, exclusive to the field of personality measurement have also been developed. Essay # 1. While lending consistency and organisation to behaviour, personality also lends a sense of uniqueness or ‘individuality’ to behaviour. Trying to prevent supposedly wrong things from happening seems like good intent but is actually unjust. Mukherjee has developed a sentence completion test to measure achievement motivation. Essay on Human Rights. The psychologists who have been primarily concerned with studying the structure of personality have devoted their efforts in understanding, describing and measuring these various units of personality. Some people refer to the physical appearance like height, weight, colour, body built, dress, voice, etc. ‘Self-actualization’ is a basic and innate tendency which gradually unfolds itself within the boundaries of the world of reality as perceived by the individual. Indeed, in scientific publishing a review of the learner, and learning there is no accurate information on writing reports. Some of the points on which general agreement has been reached are mentioned below: 1. (iii) The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): This test, developed by Murray, is another outstanding projective test. The person is required to complete the sentence as he or she feels. Behavioural Approach to Personality: Essay # 8. The phenomenological approach to the study and explanation of personality can be traced to several roots. some people are outgoing whereas others are shy), and influence behavior. Further, they should also have the ability to integrate the assessment of individual components into a single total measure. However, under certain conditions, the personality of an individual may stop growing. Approx. Similarly, Udai Pareek has also done considerable work on this test. Responses are, thus, classified in this manner. Driven by one’s needs, the individual interacts with the environment and in this process the personality develops. Q&A GPA Calculator Thesis Generator Essay Topic Generator Free Essay Topics Study Guides Donate Paper. But, it may be said, that in spite of various limitations and disagreements the growth of personality tests has contributed a great deal to our understanding of the nature of personality itself. This is called validity. The emphasis in explaining behaviour is on the current psychological situations and not on the past history, as advocated by the psychoanalysis and behaviourism. This approach tends to view personality as a growing, developing and unfolding process and it can never be completely developed. One of the best known theories of this category is the theory of Carl Rogers. [1] According to this perspective, traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. In view of this certain psychologists, while trying to maintain the broad frame of the behavioural approach, attempted to integrate them with certain cognitive concepts. It influences the behaviour of an individual. CUSTOMER AREA. After the original work of Rorschach, a number of refinements have been introduced by people like Beck, Rapaport, Harrower, Erichson and a few others. A response based on the total blot is called ‘W. This classification is based on the predominance of certain functions in different personalities. Questionnaires and Personality Inventories: Essay # 14. Bandura also highlights the role of learned expectations like Rotter, expectations about what is likely to happen and one’s own behaviour in the possibility of one’s success. There are many psychological definitions which attempt to explain personality in terms of characteristics or typical qualities of an individual. These attributes are essential not only for personality questionnaires or inventories but for all tools of psychological measurement. ESSAY SERVICES; BIOGRAPHY WRITING SERVICES; LOGIN; MAKE ORDER; My account Order now Order Now. Today, most of the psychologists agree that a personality of the individual is not just a description of different qualities or characteristics. They are like tendencies; a person’s predisposition to react in a certain way in various different situations. A number of studies have shown that externals and internals differ markedly, in their interests, susceptibility to external stimuli etc. Theory of human personality Intro to essay 2 q1 DescriptionSummarize Freud’s theory of human, Piaget’s approach to human development, and Mead’s view of the development of the self. The behaviouristic approach basically holds the view that psychology should do away with concepts like mind, self, consciousness, etc. After a series of efforts he arrived at a very simple test. 3. In this context Rotter propounded the concept of Locus of Control and classified people into externals and internals. Click here to have a similar quality,and unique paper at a discount. His theory has found wide acceptance among psychologists. Biological and Trait Perspectives and Explanations of Neuroticism It could be traced to the views of Kant, Husserel, Brentano, Carl Stumpf and Ehrenfer on the one hand. From his studies, he came to conclusion that a person’s behavior is affected by their unconscious, "...the notion that human beings are motivated, even driven, by desires, fears, needs, and conflicts of which they are unaware..." (Purdue University). Human health is defined as the state of well-being with regards to the mental, physical and social aspects of the human condition. But a global assessment requires that the persons carrying out the assessments have the ability to make accurate and comprehensive observations. are analysed. This view is in opposition to the earlier view of personality where the term ‘personality’ was used to describe the dominant or consistent characteristics in the psychological make-up of the individual. In a way, they explain personality as a ‘sum total’ of habits. For example, they have incorporated the concept of identification, originally employed by Freud, but in a very limited and different sense. Murray, however, lays great emphasis on the role of the brain. One of the best known sentence completion tests was developed by Sacks. According to them, any attempt to explain the nature of human personality must be made in the context of the social and cultural factors under which an individual lives, and it may not be very correct to talk of universal traits, qualities or elements apart from basic physiological needs and abilities. The website claims that INFJs are idealistic, future-oriented, 1 This process of moving from one region to another is known as ‘locomotion’. Jung classified people into thinking, feeling, sensation and intuitive types. In the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding a group of young boys try to survive without society. The rationale of projective tests is that, in order to study the unconscious and underlying factors of personality, such tests should be used which are likely to give us data free from the distortions which creep in at the conscious level. On the basis of the stories, the needs of the person, the environmental pressures operating on him, the integration of these in the form of theme, etc. In daily life the term personality is very freely used by people with different meanings. For example, a child does not have a very mark-able distinction between itself and the environment, but gradually this distinction ceases. A person with a stable personality generally responds in a calm and quiet manner even under stressful situations, in contrast to a person with an unstable personality. People have the right to do whatever they please whether it is moral or not and they deserve the consequences of their actions. October 7, 2020 MLA, Psychology and Education No Comments. a. social psychology. 7. This, of course, appears to be the most common trend. This organisation gives a sense of individuality or uniqueness to the person’s behaviour. Its related pattern of someone emotions, thoughts, feelings and behavior. Short Essay on Environment and Human Health – Essay 1 (200 words) Introduction. A good illustration of such a scheme is the one of studying behaviour under specific responses, habits, traits and dimensions, propounded by Eysenck. It may be seen that in all these instances the term personality is used as a descriptive or evaluative term. Functional analysis would therefore go in for careful observation of the behaviour, the situation under which it occurs, study how it has been reinforced in the past, and finally decide upon a more adaptive response like ‘assertive behaviour’, plan a schedule of reinforcement and establish the same behaviour. 6. In a way the phenomenological approach has restored to the human being his dignity as an active dynamic entity. This method has its advantages since equal attention and care can be bestowed on every aspect and a complete and comprehensive observation can be made. As a strong proponent of human psychology, I've always strived for knowing more about the inner world of people around me. can affect the integration and stability of the personality, resulting in personality disorders. Sentence Completion Test: Another projective test widely employed is the Sentence Completion Test. According to them personality is the dominant and controlling process by which people, driven by inner needs, adapt themselves to the environment. But these tests have also been criticised as being very subjective and not reliable and valid. 4. Murray. These are the most used words in this century but yes it is indeed true that all of us were created differently. This difference between the two approaches can be understood, when one examines the backgrounds of the trait theorists and the type theorists. This is a ‘spread effect’ and is known as halo error. According to Rotter, the behaviour of any individual in a situation normally is influenced by what the person expects to happen after a particular action on his part, and further, how much value the person places on this expected outcome. Essay # 2. Further, this pattern or organisation extends across situations, with the result that every person behaves with a certain degree of consistency and at the same time behaves in a manner different from others. Human Rights Essay 5 (600 words) Human rights are said to be incontrovertible rights that every person on earth is entitled to just because he/ she is a human being. For example, some psychologists have defined the term personality as the sum total of all the characteristics of a person. An attempt is made here to present some of the practical implications of the knowledge and research findings regarding personality. The above characteristics, to a large extent, describe the essential nature of ‘personality’. It, thus, influences and determines the other behavioural processes. Thus, a young child who returns from school and has his milk moves into the region of play. According to Bandura, people’s behaviour patterns, affective and cognitive, influence similar processes in others and also the environment. Home; Subjects; Other; UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEINGS; Nobody downloaded yet. Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Psychology. The major psychodynamic explanation was that of Freud as espoused in his psychoanalytic theory. In actual life, individual behavioural processes like learning, motivation, memory, etc. The cards are exposed to the person one after the other, each for a time period of a maximum of five minutes. Rating, therefore, is a very complex and intricate process. The type approach, looked for ‘broad, typical and characteristic patterns of behaviour to classify people.’. Generally, when a large number of people are to be tested in a short time and when these people are sufficiently educated, a structured questionnaire is used. Based on the above indicators, psychologists who are well-trained in the interpretation of the Rorschach test are able to assess personalities. Meaning of Personality: All of us must have come across the term personality. Also, the use of personality tests calls for a considerable amount of skill and experience on the part of the psychologist. This part of the enquiry consists of an analysis of the actual contents of the responses, whether the responses refer to human beings or animals, whether they are descriptions of moving objects or stationary objects, animate objects or inanimate objects and so on. It is called the CAT or the Children’s Apperception Test. The trait approach and type approach belong to this category. It is the total and overall description of a person. 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